joseba gabilondo

The book presents a new definition of the formation of the nation and na-tionalism in Spain: it is an imagined community (Anderson) that emerges as a traumatic response to the rise of Orientalism and the crisis of Occidental-ism. On the one hand, the increasing representation of Spain as part of the Orient, promoted by north-European romanticism, is eventually internal-ized and deployed by the Spanish elites vis-à-vis “the people” in ways that increasingly become problematic and lead this class to assume a traumatic double-consciousness that is never solved as national. This orientalist ide-ology is at the core of what has been known as españolada, the core of pop-ulist Spanish nationalism, which, in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, migrates to cinema: from Morena Clara (1936), via Almodóvar, to Ocho apellidos vascos (2014). On the other hand, colonial loss, which haunts Span-ish imperialism from the beginning of the nineteenth century, with the Latin American wars of independence (1810-1825), and reaches a traumatic point at the end of the century (1898), with the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, brings a traumatic end to the ideology of Occidental-ism—an ideology formed in the sixteenth century, whereby the Spanish empire was represented as the Christian culmination of Roma’s imperial foundation of the West in the first century. Therefore, the formation of the Spanish nationalist ideology and its putative nation are not a single, linear, and progressive process of nation building that begins after the War of In-dependence in 1814—as traditional Spanish historiography has defended since the 1830s and has been upheld through the twenty-first-century with historical accounts such as José Álvarez Junco’s Mater Dolorosa. La idea de España en el siglo XIX (2001)—.  In short, Spain is the imagined result of a traumatic clash between Orientalism and Occidentalism. This historical traumatic con-dition is called postimperialism, which is eminently Atlantic in its formation as it re-sponds to imperialist wars and negotiations that are irreducible Atlantic rather than simply European or Spanish.  This book is focused on Spanish nationalism and, therefore, the Catalan and Basque cases have not been included. Yet, the analysis of the formation of Galician nationalism in the chapters dedicated to Rosalía de Castro and Emilia Pardo Bazán (chap. 8 and 11 respectively), opens the way for a future study of the other national-ist discourses of the Spanish state, which also emerge as a result of Spain’s postimperial history.

Neoliberalismoaren aurkako borrokan ezkerrak azken urto-etan izan dituen porrotak abiapuntu bezala hartuz, liburu honek beste bide, alternatiba eta pentsakera desberdinak esploratzen ditu, zentzurik zabalenean, impasse ezkertiar horretatik ateratzeko. Hiru hipotesi elkar lotzen ditu horre-tarako saio honek. Lehenik, ez dagoela globalizazio bakar bat, baizik eta globalizazioak daudela, lekuan lekuko glo-balizazio anitzak, eta bertatik globalizazioa esplikatzeko zailtasunak. Bigarrenik, globalizazioak historikoki esplika-tzeko biderik egokiena Erdi Arora jotzea dela, bertan bi momentu bereziz: lehena, inperio erromatarraren erortzeak sortu zuen momentu barbaro eta anitza, eta, bigarrena, geroago feudalismo aristokratiko eta elitistari leku egin ziona: egun, bi Erdi Aro horien atean geundeke eta geroal-di gertuan erabakiko da bietatik zeinek indar hartuko duen. Hirugarrenik eta azkenik, geroa ezin dugula era bateratu batean pentsatu, Hegelengandik Fukuyamarengana egin den bezala, ez baitago unibertsaltasunik geroan; ondorioz, Iraultzaren kontzeptua (Marx) edota politika bakarraren ideia (Nazio Batuak, Gobernu globala…) abandonatu behar ditugu, eta aristokrazia feudalaren eta heterogeneotasun barbaroaren arteko talkan sortuko den historia eta politika futuroa garatu eta pentsatu behar ditugu, bateratze edo uni-bertsalizazio proiektu oro abandonatuz. Liburuak horreta-rako, sexua, desira, filosofia, sukaldaritza, EBeko krisia, populismoa, blockbuster filmak, Lenin, ekologiaren ezinta-suna, eliteen ideologiaren arrakasta, salbuespen estatua, errealitate showak, konfuzionismo kapitalista, kontsumoa-ren dinamika eta ezkontza homosexualak aztertzen ditu, besteren artean, beti ere oin bat Euskal Herrian.

Abstract: The article examines “the nationalist excess of Spain” (central and peripheral nationalisms) as symptom of the contradictions of Hispanism that is obsolete. It proceeds to analyze the alternatives of Iberian Studies and Cultural Studies to show that they still respond to the same logic of Hispanism. Departing from comparative
literature, the article concludes by resituating Spanish studies in globalization as dependent on Latin America and by introducing subaltern studies, decoloniality and postnationalism as ways to go beyond the “master signifier” of Hispanism, which still quilts (Lacan) the field. Key-words: Iberian studies, Postnationalism, Subalternity, Decoloniality, Atlantic studies.

Artikulu honek nazio-nortasunaren eta bestelakotasun historikoaren arteko harremana aztert zen du. Europar estatuarekiko azken teoriak (Zizek, Badiou) aztertuz, artikuluak nazio-nortasunaren definizio berri bat proposat zen du bestelakotasun historikoarekiko " estatu-axolagabetasunean " oinarritua, euskaldunen kasuan bezalakoa, horrek indarkeria dakarrelarik emait za gisa. Euskal literatura kanonikoa eta ez-kanonikoa aztert zen ditu, estatu-axolagabetasunari eta indarkeriari emandako erant zunetan oinarrituta. Gilt za-Hit zak: Bestelakotasun historikoa. Estatua. Indarkeria. Literatura. Kanona. Neo-kostunbrismoa. Literatura neo-historizista. Este artículo explora la relación entre la identidad nacional y la diferencia histórica. Mediante el análisis de las recientes teorías del Estado europeo (Zizek, Badiou), el artículo propone una nueva definición de la identidad nacional basada en " la indiferencia del Estado " con respecto a las diferencias históricas, como en el caso vasco, que se traduce en terrorismo. Las literaturas canónica y no canónica vascas son analizadas en base a sus respuestas a la indiferencia del Estado y el terrorismo. Palabras Clave: Diferencia histórica. Estado. Terrorismo. Literatura. Canon. Neo-costumbrismo. Literatura neo-historicista. Cet article explore la relation entre identité nationale et différence historique. En analysant les théories récentes de l'État européen (Zizek, Badiou), l'article propose une nouvelle définition de l'identité nationale fondée sur «l'indifférence de l'État» à l'égard de la différence historique, comme dans le cas basque, qui se traduit par le terrorisme. Les littératures basques canoniques et non-canoniques sont analysées en fonction de leurs réponses à l'indifférence de l'État et au terrorisme. Mot s-Clés : Différence historique. État. Terreur. Littérature. Canon. Neo-costumbrisme. Littérature neo-historiciste.